POMPEYS PILLAR NATIONAL MONUMENT

History of Pompeys Pillar

American Indian Territory

Pompeys Pillar is within the homeland of the Apsaalooke, or Crow people. One Crow name for the Pillar is, Iishbiiammaache, or “The Mountain Lion’s Lodge.” Ethnographic and archaeological evidence indicates that the Pillar was also a place of ritual and religious activity for several American Indian tribes for over 11,000 years. Hundreds of pictographs and petroglyphs on the face of the rock reflect the importance of the monument to early peoples.    Read more 

Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail

Captain William Clark, Sacagawea, her 18-month old son (nicknamed "Pompey"), and a crew of 11 men stopped near the rock outcropping on their return trip from the Pacific Coast. On July 25, 1806, Clark carved his signature and the date into the rock. The historic inscription is one of the few remaining pieces of physical evidence still visible on the Lewis and Clark National Historic Trail.   Read more 

Traders, Travelers, and Settlers  

Pompeys Pillar also includes the markings and signature of a host of characters from the pioneer past, including European fur trappers, Yellowstone River steamboat men, frontier army troops, railroad workers, missionaries, and early settlers. In a very real sense, Pompeys Pillar’s sandstone facets hold a vivid history of the unfolding West. Read more

PPNM Natural History

Pompeys Pillar is a National Conservation Lands site. The area supports a variety of wildlife including deer, fox, coyotes, raccoons and numerous small mammals, amphibians and reptiles.

Much of the wildlife population is a result of the site’s thriving riparian zone, a healthy plant community of grasses, willows and cottonwood trees. The river supports many neo-tropical migratory bird species and the riparian corridor allows for nesting and safe resting cover during migration.

Geography  

  Pompeys Pillar encompasses 51 acres on the bank of the Yellowstone River. The Pillar is a sandstone geologic remnant covering about two acres at its base and stands about 120 feet high. Because it is the only sandstone outcrop on the south side of the Yellowstone River for several miles in either direction, it has been a landmark for centuries.  

  Pompeys Pillar is at a natural ford in the Yellowstone River. In addition, the mouth of Pompeys Pillar Creek on the north side of Yellowstone and the mouth of Fly Creek on the south form natural passageways leading to the river ford at Pompeys Pillar. As a result, the area has been a crossroads throughout history for hunters and their prey such as once-prominent herds of buffalo. In addition to Clark’s signature, the sandstone is marked with literally hundreds of other etchings and drawings.   

Geology  

  The Pillar and the cliffs across the river are composed of sandstones and shales of the Upper Cretaceous Lance (Creek) Formation. The Lance formation is composed of alternating beds of light-yellow to grayish sandstones, bluish to grayish sandy shale, drab yellow and gray clays, and clay shale.  Elevations on the base of the Lance Formation show that the formation is inclined downward toward the east at a rather uniform rate of about 12ft to the mile. The formation thickens from north to south​ and there is little thickness change from east to west. 30% of the Lance formation is made up of channel sandstones 20ft or thicker. 70% of the Lance is thinner sandstone and finer grained interfluve sedimentary rocks​.   

  Geologists consider the Lance Formation to be equivalent to the Hell Creek Formation. The Hell Creek Formation has been found to contain the fossilized remains of dinosaurs and primitive mammals. Although no animal or plant fossils have been documented at Pompeys Pillar, significant fossils have been found in similar sandstone beds nearby.  

  William Clark may have been the first to record a paleontological find in the area immediately downstream from Pompeys Pillar. “I employed my Self in getting pieces of the rib of a fish which was Semented within the face of the rock. ...it is 3 feet in length though a part of the end appears to have been broken off.” It is thought that this reference is to the discovery of a fossilized rib in the uppermost Hell Creek Formation. The rib probably came from a terrestrial dinosaur. The most common terrestrial dinosaurs of that period in this area were the hadrasaurus, triceratops, albertosaurus and tyrannosaurus.  

Ecology  

  Pompeys Pillar is a National Conservation Lands site. The area contains three distinct ecosystems: the mixed grass prairie, the river/riparian area, and the sandstone cliffs of the Pillar. 

  Yellowstone River and Associated Riparian Habitat  

  The Yellowstone can be characterized as a meandering braided prairie river. The Yellowstone is the longest free-flowing river in the lower 48 states and provides rich, fertile farmland and habitat for many wildlife and bird species. The riparian areas along the river contain several cottonwood community types. Many standing cottonwood trees within the flood plain are estimated to be more than 100 years old.  

Wildlife  

  Pompeys Pillar is a home to many wildlife species and is designated a Watchable Wildlife Viewing Area. The more common species include mule and whitetail deer, fox, coyotes, raccoons and numerous small mammals, amphibians and reptiles. While not very common, there have been a few mountain lion and black bear sightings. Much of the wildlife population is a result of the site’s thriving riparian zone, a healthy plant community of grasses, willows and cottonwood trees that stabilize the riverbank and provide important habitat. At the time William Clark traveled through the area, he made note of seeing hundreds of buffalo, elk, wolves, and deer. Today, although the area supports a variety of wildlife, it is not to the extent nor diversity that Clark noted.   

  Clark noted seeing wildlife in abundance here and elsewhere along the Yellowstone, “for me to mention or give an estimate of the different Species of wild animals on this river particularly Buffalow, Elk Antelopes & Wolves would be increditable. I shall therefore be silent on the subject further.”   

Birds  

  The Yellowstone River supports a remarkable diversity of bird species. Many neo-tropical migratory bird species use the riparian corridor at Pompeys Pillar for nesting and/or as safe resting cover during migration. More than 160 bird species have been observed on or near Pompeys Pillar, including numerous waterfowl, songbirds, shorebirds, woodpeckers, raptors, swallows, and game birds. Some birds observed in the area are on the BLM’s sensitive species list: the ferruginous hawk, the loggerhead shrike, Franklin’s gull, Forster’s tern, the northern goshawk, the sage grouse, the peregrine falcon. Peregrine falcons have historically occupied rocky cliff habitat near Pompeys Pillar. Twenty-one peregrines were released east of Pompeys Pillar in 1996. Great horned owls often nest and lay eggs on the south and west sides of the Pillar’s cliff walls. Bald eagles can often be seen among the cottonwood trees and there is currently a large nest on the island on the east side of the ACEC. Ospreys are often seen along the riverbanks, and two large nests sit on the Bundy Bridge and can be seen from Pompeys Pillar.  

Fish   

  The Yellowstone River near Pompeys Pillar is a transition zone between a cold and warm water fisheries. As such, fish species representative of both temperature zones have been recorded in this reach. Common fish species include goldeye, common carp, flathead chub, emerald shiner, western silvery/plains minnow, river carpsucker, shorthead redhorse, longnose sucker, white sucker, mountain sucker, channel catfish, stonecat, burbot, smallmouth bass and sauger.  

Threatened and Endangered Species  

  Two threatened/endangered species occur in the Pompeys Pillar area or have biogeographical ranges that overlap the area. Bald eagles (threatened) have occupied nests in the vicinity of Pompeys Pillar, but no black-footed ferrets (endangered) have been found in the vicinity of the Pillar.  

Rates & Fees

When the Monument is open (see below for season and hours), a $7 standard fee is charged for each vehicle.  There is no separate fee for the interpretive center. All fees are returned to the site and used to maintain and improve the facility. All valid federal recreation passes are honored at the site.

Private Vehicle Standard Fees

Rates are based on number of passengers.

• 6 passengers and under--$7
• 7-25 passengers--$12
• 26+ passengers--$20

2022 Season/Hours

May 1 through September 30
Main Gate: 8:30 a.m. to 4:30 p.m. 

Interpretive Center hours:

• May-September: 9 a.m. to 4 p.m. daily

Commercial/Group Vehicle Fees 

• Commercial group rates are based on vehicle capacity.
• Vehicles capable of seating 6 passengers and under--$25
• Vehicles capable of seating 7-25 passengers--$40
• Vehicles capable of seating 26+ passengers--$100

Even when the Monument is closed, visitors may still walk into the site during daylight hours.  The walk from the gates to the Pillar is about 3/4 mile.  Special arrangements can be made during the off-season for school programs and other special events.  Facilities available are the boardwalks, walkways, and vault toilets. All buildings will be closed.

Boardwalk

The boardwalk up the Pillar leads to Clark's signature and continues to the top of mesa. It is approximately 1,000 feet long and contains about 200 steps.

Day Use Area

The day use area is ideal for picnicking or relaxing. It is adjacent to the Yellowstone River and shaded by large cottonwood trees.

Accessibility

The interpretive center, restrooms, parking lot and day use area are fully accessible.

Pets

Pets must be on a leash at all times.

Natural and Cultural Resources

Please respect our heritage and treat the Monument and its resources with respect. Do not deface any tree, shrub, rock, or ancient Indian artifact. Do not touch petroglyphs or remove any artifact. Not only is this illegal, but it erases evidence of past generations and deprives others of the knowledge about these sites.

Friends of Pompeys Pillar

The Friends of Pompeys Pillar provides substantial and much needed support for the Monument. This 200-member, nonprofit organization supplies more than 35 volunteers to assist visitors at the site and to operate the interpretive center. Profits from this enterprise assist with operation of the Monument. More than 2,500 hours of volunteer time are donated each year. 

The Pillar overlooks the Yellowstone River about 25 miles east of Billings, Montana. The area is easily accessible from Interstate 94, using exit 23, or from Montana Highway 312. The Pillar is a sandstone butte or mesa and covers about two acres at its base and stands about 150 feet high. Because it is the only sandstone outcrop on the south side of the Yellowstone River for several miles in either direction, it has been a landmark for centuries.

Pompeys Pillar is at a natural ford in the Yellowstone River. In addition, the mouth of Pompeys Pillar Creek on the north side of Yellowstone and the mouth of Fly Creek on the south form natural passageways leading to the river ford at Pompeys Pillar. As a result, the area has been a crossroads throughout history for hunters and their prey such as the once-prominent buffalo herds. In addition to Clark’s signature, the sandstone is marked with literally hundreds of other etchings and drawings. Clark noted evidence of Native American use, “The Indians have made 2 piles of Stone on top of this Tower. The nativs have ingraved on the face of this rock the figures of animals....” Fur trappers of the early 1800s, military expeditions, railroad workers, and early settlers used the sandstone as a registry of their passing. In a very real sense, Pompeys Pillar’s sandstone facets hold a vivid history of the unfolding West.