The Story of the Pony Express Trail 1860-1861: 

The origins and the reason for a horse-and-rider-mail-delivery system between the east and west can be summed up in two words—slow mail.  Prior to the Coach and Pony Express mail delivery, time from the east to the west—by ship down the Gulf of Mexico, across the Panama by mule, then by ship again up to San Francisco—might take six weeks, and if the winds were off, eight weeks.

With the discovery of gold in California in 1848, and the increasing political tensions of the 1850’s which led to the Civil War, it became imperative to keep the far West in the Union by providing a more dependable source of information from the East.  News was very slow in reaching eager California readers, and a standing joke of the time was that events in the East had already been forgotten by the time they were known by those out West.

The Vision  
The solution to this problem came from a businessman of vision, William Russell.  Russell owned a stage and freight company based in Leavenworth, Kansas (with partners A. Majors and W.B. Waddell).  While on a promotional trip to Washington to help his ailing freight line, Russell and Senator William Gwin of California discussed the possibilities of an Express Mail Company to deliver mail to California by the Central Route along the Oregon and California Trail.  Initially the stage express line was comprised of fifty coaches and extended about eight hundred miles.  By February, 1860, when the line was extended from Salt Lake City across Utah and Nevada to California, efficiency had improved the mail delivery time to a respectable number of days.  However, financial losses were staggering, no government subsidies came through, and something was needed to promote the Central Route. 

Finally it was decided:  light, tough young men would be selected and hired to ride the best and fastest horse-flesh money could buy.  There were to be eighty riders.  Four hundred other men were to run way stations, some of which already existed for the coach line.

The Route
The proposed route was brutally simple:  west out of St. Joseph, up the Platte and Sweetwater rivers, through South Pass and the Rockies to Salt Lake City, out across the Utah and Nevada deserts, up and over the Sierra Nevada and into California, as fast as man and animal could go, day and night.

Light and Tough
In the interest of speed, careful consideration was given to weight.  Riders had to weigh less than 120 pounds.  Only twenty-five pounds were allowed for equipment which included four mail pouches sewn on leather thrown across the saddle, a light rifle and Colt revolver.  Each mail delivery was limited to twenty pounds, a total weight on the horse, 165 pounds.

Riders wore a bright red shirt and blue pants.  They carried a small brass horn to signal their coming which was later eliminated when it was discovered the hoof beats did the same thing.  Each rider was issued a Bible to sustain their courage and hardiness to make the ride through potentially dangerous country of Indians, bandits, deadly blizzards and murderous heat.

Fading Hoofbeats
Although the Pony Express lasted only 19 months, the associated glamour, both fact and fiction, has assured it a large and lasting chapter in the history of the West.  In October, 1861, the Pony Express was officially terminated.  It became obsolete by the advent of the telegraph system.  Messages that took eight weeks by ship, or eight days by the Pony Express, now took only four hours by wire.

While the Pony Express never did operate at a profit, it would be wrong to call the dramatic venture a failure.  California stayed firmly with the Union during the Civil War thanks to correspondence carried by the Pony Express.  In all, a dramatic thundering page had been written in American History, and on a quiet day, you can stand along the trail and still faintly hear the hoofbeats.

Pony Express
The Oath of Employment

“I _____________ do hereby swear, before the great and living God, that during my engagement, and while I am an employee of Russell, Majors & Waddell, I will, under no circumstances, use profane language.  I will drink no intoxicating liquors; that I will not quarrel or fight with any other employee of the firm, and that in every respect, I will conduct myself honestly, faithful to my duties, and so direct my acts as to win the confidence of my employers.  So help me God.”

The Pony Express Trail National Back Country Byway begins near Fairfield and ends at Ibapah, Utah.  Along the route visitors can enjoy history and a variety of recreation. 

To begin tracing the hoofprints of the “Pony” visit the Stagecoach Inn State Park on state highway 73, 5 miles south of Cedar Fort.  The Inn was an overnight stop for weary travelers along the Overland and Pony Express Trail.  It is normally open from Easter weekend through October 31.  The Pony Express National Back Country Byway route is approximately 133 miles in length.  Most of the route is classified as rangeland and managed by the Bureau of Land Management.  The elevations along the route vary from 4,900 feet near Fairfield to over 6,100 feet at Lookout Pass.  The most common use of the rangeland along the trail is livestock grazing which dates back to the mid 1800’s.

The Pony Express Trail is interpreted at a number of locations:

A – Fairfield/Camp Floyd

This station was located within John Carson’s Inn and was used by both the Pony Express and stage travel.  The adobe building was built in 1958 and is still standing, has a wooden façade, and is open to the public.  It was operated by the Carson family until 1947 and lodged such visitors as Mark Twain, Porter Rockwell, Bill Hickman and Sir Richard Burton. 

Adjacent to Fairfield is Camp Floyd.  It was established in November 1858 and named for Secretary of War, John B. Floyd.  Camp Floyd was the second military establishment in Utah and its mission was to establish a military route to California and to investigate the Gunnison Massacre.

At its peak, Fairfield had a population of 7,000 of which 3,000 were soldiers.  At the time, Fairfield was the third largest city in the territory.

B – Faust Junction
As you travel west along the Pony Express Trail, this stop offers the first opportunity to view intpretive work completed in 1976 by the BLM.  There is also a marker at the site which was constructed in 1939 by the Civilian Conservation Corps as part of its project to mark the original Pony Express Trail.  Named after station keeper “Doc” Faust, the station was a two-story stone structure located some distance from the present marker.  A change of riders took place and the mail stage stopped for rest breaks at this station. 

C – Simpson Springs Station
This station bears the name of explorer Captain J.H. Simpson who stopped here in 1858 while searching for an overland mail route between Salt Lake City and California.  It is one of the most dependable watering points in this desert region.  George Chorpenning established a mail station at this site in 1858, which was later used by the Pony Express and Overland Express.

A number of structures have been built and destroyed in the vicinity of Simpson Springs over the years.  It is not known for sure which served as the station for the Pony Express.  The restored structure is located on a building site which dates to the period (1860) and closely resembles the original.  A BLM campground is located just east of the station and contains vault toilets and 14 individual camp sites.  No large group camping facilities are available.

D – Boyd Station
This relay station gets its name from Bid Boyd, a station keeper who continued to live here into the early 1900’s.  In the days of the Pony Express, it was known as Butte or Desert Station.  Only a portion of the rock walls that once provided protection from the elements now remains. 

Living conditions were extremely crude.  The partially dug out. Rock-walled living quarters contained bunks which were built into the walls.  Furniture consisted of boxes and benches.  Life at the isolated station was lonely.  Activities of the station keeper, spare rider and blacksmith centered around caring for the horses and a simple existence.  The monotony was broken only by the arrival and almost immediate departure of two riders each day.

E – Canyon Station

The Canyon Station was located northwest of this site in Overland Canyon.  Built in 1861, it consisted of a log house, a stable, and a dugout where meals were cooked and served.  In July, 1863, Indians killed the Overland agent, four soldiers and burned the station.  The Overland Station was built in 1863 at the presently marked site, which was a more defensible location.  Stone outlines of the 1863 station are still visible. 

There are remnants of a round fortification built just behind the station which served as a lookout and place of refuge.  It probably never had a roof so defenders could speedily climb over the wall and begin firing rounds through the rifle ports.  The depression on the south side of the parking lot indicates where the corral and blacksmith shop were probably located.

Pony Express Facts
St. Joseph, MO to Sacramento, CA, distance: 1900 miles
Number of Stations: 190 (peak operation).  Note: The Utah Territory (Utah, Nevada and Western Colorado) carried 65 of the 190
Number of Horses: 420 (peak)
Number of Riders: 80 (peak)
Average Speed: 7 miles per hour
Average Time: 10 days
Fastest Time: 7 ½ days (Lincoln’s Inaugural Message)
Distance per Rider: 60-120 miles each
William C. “Buffalo Bill” Cody: Rode 322 miles in 21 hours and 40 minutes using 21 horses
Home Stations: 60 miles apart
Swing Stations: averaged 11 ¾ miles apart
Rider Salary: $120-$125 per month
Station Personnel: 2 agents, 1 station keeper, and 1 assistant