Appendix 3. Glossary of terms used in the Van Dyke's salamander protocol (prepared by L.L.C. Jones in consultation with P. Bisson, USDA Pacific Northwest Research Station, Olympia, WA).

Absence: The lack of target species detection at any given site. This does not necessarily imply the species is not there; rather, if they are there, surveys have failed to detect them and they are presumed to be rare or absent.

Alluvial: Aggregated soil and rock transported by water from upstream sources, lower in elevation than colluvial materials and usually associated with deposits along larger streams or rivers. Often refers to a floodplain.

Area-constrained Survey: A survey that has finite boundaries (a quadrat). Often, a standardized area (e.g., 100 m²) is used to compare between sites.

Bank: see streambank.

Belt Transect: Essentially an elongated quadrat survey used intercept cover objects of the target species. They are often used to measure relative abundance between different gradients.

Channel: The part of a stream that has been eroded by the forces of water and debris flow, usually containing water most of the year. Flow is largely confined to the same path year to year.

Colluvial: Referring to soil and rock debris eroded from montane hillsides adjacent to headwater streams.

Detection: Finding a target species at a given site and obtaining a single, verifiable specimen (voucher). Sighting records are not sufficient to indicate a detection.

Grouped Belt Transect: Clusters of belt transects. In our case, these are clusters of 8 systematically placed transects covering the length of the stream.

Lotic: Referring to flowing water, such as streams, seeps, springs, waterfalls, and rivers.

Lungless Salamanders: Members of the family Plethodontidae.

Ontogeny: Changes that happen as a species matures.

Overflow: The area of stream where the water flows over the main channel into secondary channels or riverine ponds. Often (incorrectly) referred to as a seep.

Polychromatism: Having more than two color phases.

Population: A group of individuals of a single species that is freely breeding and exchanging genetic materials. In our case, a single individual suggests a population is present.

Quadrat: Usually a systematically or randomly applied, standardized sampling area. For example, a 5 X 5 m square replicated many times over an area.

Reach: The length of stream along its longitudinal axis.

Seepage (Seep): A shallow, lotic body of water. Typically, these form at the heads of source reaches (known as hollows or unchanneled colluvial valleys) or from other sites of groundwater emergence.

Source Reach: Headwater streams, where downstream material transport is initiated.

Special Habitats: For our purposes, this term is used to designate atypical habitats where PLVA have been known to or are thought to occur. These include cave entrances and montane lakes. Any other site suspected to have PLVA by a crew person or lead biologist should also be surveyed.

Survey and Manage Species: Those species that require surveys before ground-breaking activities can occur. Also, if the species is detected, some sort of management activities should occur to help ensure the viability of the population. These are Component/Strategy 1 and 2 species under the Survey and Manage provision.

Target Species: The particular species that a surveyor is attempting to locate during a survey. In our case, PLVA and PLLA.

Time-constrained Survey: A survey that cannot exceed a certain amount of time effort (staff or person-hours). Most time-constrained surveys done to date use a standardized, rather than maximum time effort.

Timed Survey: A time-constrained survey in which a standardized time effort is used in all surveys.

Transport Reach: Below source reaches. These are stream reaches where the power of the stream (influenced by gradient and water velocity) is sufficient to mobilize the streambed during normal high flows.

Transect: A species-intercept survey, usually linear. Surveys can be broad (belt or strip transect) or as narrow as a line.

Upland: Above the valley of a stream or outside the influence of a stream.

Valley: Areas of the landscape where water converges and where products of erosion-sediments and organic debris are concentrated. The bisected portion of the hillside on either side of the channel.

Woodland Salamander: Those belonging to the genus Plethodon.