Mesa Site #1

This ancient game lookout site sits on a high mesa-like formation on the northern flank of the Brooks Range Mountains. Discovered in the 1970s and excavated in the 1990s, it is the best documented PaleoIndian site in Alaska. Ancient hearths with associated stone artifacts date between 12,000 and 14,000 years old. Mesa Site projectile points are very similar to those made by some PaleoIndians in parts of the western continental United States. This suggests an intriguing ancient connection between the two areas.

Onion Portage Sites #2

In 1941, achaeologists found a series of deeply stratified sites in the Kobuk River drainage. They are included in the Onion Portage Archaeological District designated in 1978. One of the most notable sites is the Akmak locality. It was discovered in the 1960s and dates to over 11,000 years old. Akmak includes a succession of occupations from eight different cultural traditions defined by distinctive artifacts spanning several thousands of years. The Onion Portage sites provide the best evidence for understanding the distribution through time of many of the earliest cultures in western Alaska.

Broken Mammoth Site #3

This site overlooks the Tanana River Valley of Interior Alaska. Archaeologists found and excavated it in the 1990s. Broken Mammoth is exceptional for its age of about 13,200 years old and its preservation of animal remains. Identifiable human activities at the site include the butchering, cooking and consumption of game; tool manufacture and maintenance; caching of tools (organic and stone) and animal parts; and hide-working and clothing manufacture. This site yielded some of the best evidence of ancient Alaskans hunting and butchering mammoths over 13,000 years ago. Several artifacts found there include human-made tools crafted on mammoth tusk fragments.

Swan Point #4

This site was found and excavated in the 1990s, just a few miles northeast of the Broken Mammoth site. At over 14,300 years old, it is the oldest dated site in Alaska as of 2009. The oldest component of this stratified site contained microblade technology. It is similar to Duktai cultural remains from Siberia. This suggests a cultural connection across the land bridge that existed between Alaska and Siberia at the end of the last Ice Age. The site provides evidence that the earliest Alaskans hunted bison, mammoth, ancient horses and migratory waterfowl.

Dry Creek Site #5

This multi-component stratified site was found and excavated in the 1970s in the Nenana River drainage of central Alaska. Its oldest component, about 13,000 years old, contained small bifacial tools. These are distinct from the microblade technology found at the earlier Swan Point Site. However, a later component, dated about 12,000 years old, also contained microblades. These were made differently from the earlier Duktai-style microblades at Swan Point, suggesting a change in stone tool technology. Included at the Dry Creek Site are remains of bison, sheep and birds left by ancient hunters. The site is especially important in understanding the cultures of the late Pleistocene and early Holocene epochs, the transition between glacial and post-glacial times.

Tangle Lakes Sites #6

Some of the prehistoric sites in this large archaeological district in central Alaska were found and excavated in the 1950s. However, scientific work at most of them has been more recent, with research continuing today. The oldest of the more than 600 recorded sites in the Tangle Lakes region are about 12,000 years old. They provide evidence of ancient hunters using an ice-dominated landscape. Lingering Pleistrocene ice remnants dammed rivers and created high elevation lakes that attracted a variety of migratory animals. Today’s hunters still come to this area for the wildlife. Most of the early sites in the Tangle Lakes area are shallowly buried and include stone tools with an occasional hearth.

On Your Knees Cave #7

Found and first excavated in the mid-1990s, this cave site is on an island in Southeastern Alaska. It contains both paleontological and human remains. Discoveries include the oldest dated human remains (10,300 years ago) in all of Alaska or coastal Canada. The evidence of people on the coast at such an early time supports the Coastal Migration Theory. First advanced in the 1970s, this theory argues that at least some of the earliest people to the Americas had watercraft and migrated southward along coastal Alaska. A coastal route would have been an easier and faster way to populate the rest of the western hemisphere, including South America. 

Anangula Site #8

This island site, found in the 1930s, was first excavated in the 1960s. Numerous volcanic ash layers two meters thick overlay the cultural deposits dated at more than 8,500 years old. This is the oldest site in the Aleutian Islands and has the first evidence of Unangan (Aleut) people in the region. Semi-subterranean houses and regionally distinct stone tools were found here.